Investigation of the effects of mucilage on maritime operation
09/30/2021Investigation of the effects of mucilage on maritime operation
Esma Uflaz, Emre Akyüz , Fırat Bolat, Pelin Bolat, Özcan Arslan
ORCID IDs: E.U. 0000-0003-2229-8242; E.A. 0000-0002-0071-9619; F.B. 0000-0001-9807-7089; P.B. 0000-0003-4262-3612; Ö.A. 0000-0003-4769-6941
Department of Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty, Tuzla 34940, Istanbul, TURKEY
Department of Marine Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty, Tuzla 34940, Istanbul, TURKEY
Department of Basic Science, Istanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty, Tuzla 34940, Istanbul, TURKEY
Abstract
Mucilage is one of the harmful substances for marine environment since it prevents oxygen transfer by covering the area from the sea surface and causes significant threats for marine organisms such as fish, fish larvae and eggs. In recent months, the Turkish Straits, including the Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits and the Marmara Sea, have been exposed to serious mucilage events. This paper aims to investigate mucilage effects on maritime shipboard operations by using the bow-tie method, which is one of the practical risk analysis approaches. The method is capable of understanding potential root causes and consequences of mucilage since it provides a systematic approach. Besides its theoretical concept, the paper contributes to marine environment researches and safety inspectors to minimize mucilage effects by investigating potential root causes and consequences.
Keywords: Mucilage, maritime pollution, maritime environment, bow-tie method
References
Aktan, Y, Dede, A., Ciftci, P.S. (2008) Mucilage event associated with diatoms anddinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News 36: 1-3.
Aktan, Y., Topaloglu, B. (2011) First record of Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis & Bryan and their benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). J Black Sea/Medit Environ 17(2): 159-170.
Altug, G., Cardak, M., Ciftci, P.S. (2010) Occurrence of mucilage and bacterial interactions in the Sea of Marmara. In: Proceedings of the Symposium-The Marmara Sea 2010 (ed., Öztürk, B.), Turkish Marine Reseach Foundation, Publication no: 32, İstanbul, pp: 456-463 (in Turkish).
Arici, S.S., Akyuz, E., Arslan, O. (2020) Application of fuzzy bow-tie risk analysis to maritime transportation: The case of ship collision during the STS operation. Ocean Engineering 217: 107960.
Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Türetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., Tüfekçi, V. (2011) Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Marmara Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91(4): 771-781.
Danovaro, R., Armeni, M., Corinaldesi, C., Mei, M. L. (2003) Viruses and marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(3): 301-304.
Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S., Pusceddu, A. (2009) Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 4(9):e7006.
Denizhaber (2021) Does mucilage in the Sea of Marmara threaten the ships? Turkey. Available at: https://www.denizhaber.com/guncel/marmara-denizi-ndeki-musilaj-gemileri-tehdit-ediyor-mu-h94109.html (accessed 24 Aug. 2021).
Ergül, H.A., Aksan, S., İpşiroğlu, M. (2018) Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea). Acta Oceanologica Sinica 37(8): 91-101.
Fogg, G.E. (1995) Some speculations on the nature of the pelagic mucilage community of the northern Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment 165(1-3): 59-63.
Galloway, A.F., Knox, P., Krause, K. (2020) Sticky mucilages and exudates of plants: Putative microenvironmental design elements with biotechnological value. New Phytologist 225(4): 1461-1469.
Genitsaris, S., Stefanidou, N., Sommer, U., Moustaka-Gouni, M. (2019) Phytoplankton blooms, red tides and mucilaginous aggregates in the urban Thessaloniki Bay, Eastern Mediterranean. Diversity 11(8): 136.
Guler, A. (2021) UTIKAD Logistics Sector Report 2020, 154 pp. (in Turkish).
Keleş, G., Yılmaz, S., Zengin, M. (2020) Possible economic effects of musilage on Sea of Marmara fisheries. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences 4(2): 173-177.
Khakzad, N., Khan, F., Amyotte, P. (2013) Dynamic safety analysis of process systems by mapping bow-tie into Bayesian network. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 91(1-2): 46-53.
Lancelot, C. (1995) The mucilage phenomenon in the continental coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment 165(1-3): 83-102.
León-Martínez, F. M., Cano-Barrita, P. D. J., Lagunez-Rivera, L., Medina-Torres, L. (2014) Study of nopal mucilage and marine brown algae extract as viscosity-enhancing admixtures for cement based materials. Construction and Building Materials 53: 190-202.
Leppard, G.G. (1995) The characterization of algal and microbial mucilages and their aggregates in aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 165(1-3): 103-131.
Lugliè, A., Satta, C., Padedda, B., Pulina, S. (2008) What is Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis & Bryan doing in Sardinia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean)? Harmful Algae News 36: 4-5.
Mecozzi, M., Pietrantonio, E., Di Noto, V., Pápai, Z. (2005) The humin structure of mucilage aggregates in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas: hypothesis about the reasonable causes of mucilage formation. Marine Chemistry 95(3-4): 255-269.
Mokhtari, K., Ren, J., Roberts, C., Wang, J. (2011) Application of a generic bow-tie based risk analysis framework on risk management of sea ports and offshore terminals. Journal of Hazardous Materials 192(2): 465-475.
Molin, D., Guidoboni, E., Lodovisi, A. (1992) Mucilage and the phenomena of algae in the history of the Adriatic: Periodization and the anthropic context (17th20th centuries). In: Marine Coastal Eutrophication (eds., Vollenweider, R.A., Marchetti, R., Viviani, R.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 511-524.
Myklestad, S. (1977) Production of carbohydrates by marine planktonic diatoms. II. Influence of the NP ratio in the growth medium on the assimilation ratio, growth rate, and production of cellular and extracellular carbohydrates by Chaetoceros affinis var. willei (Gran) Huste. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 29(2): 161-179.
Najdek, M., Degobbis, D., Miokovic, D., Ivančic, I. (2002) Fatty acid and phytoplankton composition of different types of mucilaginous aggregates in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment 24: 429-441.
Özalp, H. B. (2021) First massive mucilage event observed in deep waters of Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles), Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Medit Environ 27(1): 49-66.
Öztürk, İ., Yanalak, M., Arslan,Ö., Koyuncu,İ., Dilekgürgen, E., Erşahin, M.E., Türken, T. (2021) Opinions and Suggestions on the Sea Mucilage Problem in the Sea of Marmara Report. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 73 pp. (in Turkish).
Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C.R., Pečar, O., Paschini, E. (2005) Mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic in the period 1999-2002: Typology and distribution. Science of the Total Environment 353: 10-23.
Purton, L., Clothier, R., Kourousis, K. (2014) Assessment of technical airworthiness in military aviation: implementation and further advancement of the bow-tie model. Procedia Engineering 80: 529-544.
Riley, G.A. (1963) Organic aggregates in seawater and the dynamics of their formation and utilization. Limnology and Oceanography 8: 372-381.
Rinaldi, A., Vollenweider, R.A., Montanari, G., Ferrari, C.R., Ghetti, A. (1995) Mucilages in the Italian seas: the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seasduring 1988-1991. Science in the Total Environment 165: 165-183.
Schuster, S., Herndl, G.J. (1995) Formation and significance of transparent exopolymeric particles in the northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124: 227-236.
Shahriar, A., Sadiq, R., Tesfamariam, S. (2012) Risk analysis for oil & gas pipelines: A sustainability assessment approach using fuzzy based bow-tie analysis. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 25(3): 505-523.
Suzuki, N., Kato, K. (1953) Studies on suspended materials marine snow in the sea: Part I. Sources of marine snow. Bulletin of Faculfy of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 4(2): 132-135.
Taş, S., Kuş, D., Yılmaz, I.N. (2020) Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the north-eastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science 21(3): 668-683.
Toklu Alıçlı, B., Polat, S., Balkis-Ozdelice, N. (2020) Temporal variations in the abundance of picoplanktonic Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) during a mucilage event in the Gulfs of Bandırma and Erdek. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sciences 233: 106513.
Tufekci, V., Balkis, N., Polat-Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., Mantikci, M. (2010) Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology 34: 199-210.
Yentur, R.E., Buyukates, Y., Ozen, O., Altin, A. (2013) The environmental and socio-economical effects of a biologic problem: Mucilage. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 2(2): 13-15.