Determination of selected steroid compounds in sediment samples from Golden Horn Estuary (the Sea of Marmara, Turkey) using LC-ESI/MS-MS
01/31/2022Determination of selected steroid compounds in sediment samples from Golden Horn Estuary (the Sea of Marmara, Turkey) using LC-ESI/MS-MS
Duygu Aydoğan, Türkan Yurdun
ORCID IDs: D.A. 0000-0003-2663-3001; T.Y. 0000-0002-2554-1204
Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, TURKEY
Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, TURKEY
Abstract
One of the most important areas where environmental pollution creates concern is aquatic environments. Steroids have the potential to disrupt the physiological function of hormones by interfering with the endocrine system. In our study, analysis of 31 selected human/animal, plant, natural and synthetic hormone-steroids was performed with Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS-MS) device after the extraction of sediment samples from 15 stations in Istanbul Golden Horn with acidic methanol in an ultrasonic bath. Among the physiologically active estrogens used in birth control pills, equilin (54.46-2201.00 ng/g), estriol (2265.13 ng/g only in H1 sediment sample), mestranol (82.34-335.82 ng/g); from progestogens progesterone (1.59-6.03 ng/g), pregnenolone (44.19-1704.54 ng/g), levonorgestrel (1.55-7.78 ng/g); androgens 4-androstenedione (19.91-22.71 ng/g), androsterone (72.66-467.56 ng/g), testosterone (12.54-16.19 ng/g); cholestanone (157.57-1163.07 ng/g), coprostanol+epicoprostanol (42.82-103.26 ng/g) from human and animal wastes, and campesterol (143.86-1423.94 ng/g) from phytosterols were detected. As a result of the analysis, steroids were found in all sediment samples. Coprostanol+epicoprostanol and cholestanone, which are biomarkers of fecal contamination, are present in all of the sediment samples. Our study is the first to evaluate the presence of possible steroid hormones that pose a risk to organisms and ecosystem health in Golden Horn sediments.
Keywords: Estuarine system, hormones, sediment, LC-ESI/MS-MS, steroid, endocrine disrupting
References
Arima, K., Nagasawa, M., Bae, M., Tamura, G. (1969) Microbial transformation of Sterols. Agr and Biol Chem 33(11): 1636-1650.
Arya, G., Tadayon, S., Sadighian, J., Jones, J., de Mutsert, K., Huff, T. B., Foster, G.D. (2017) Pharmaceutical chemicals, steroids and xenoestrogens in water, sediments and fish from the tidal freshwater Potomac River (Virginia, USA). J Environ Sci Heal Part A 52(7): 686-696.
Aufartová, J., Mahugo-Santana, C., Sosa-Ferrera, Z., Santana-Rodríguez, J.J., Nováková, L., Solich, P. (2011) Determination of steroid hormones in biological and environmental samples using green microextraction techniques: An overview. Anal Chim Acta 704(1-2): 33-46.
Bull, I.D., Lockheart, M.J., Elhmmali, M.M., Roberts, D.J., Evershed, R.P. (2002) The origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. Environ Int 27(8): 647-654.
Chiang, Y., Wei, S.T., Wang, P., Wu, P., Yu, C. (2020) Microbial degradation of steroid sex hormones: implications for environmental and ecological studies. Microb Biotechnol 13(4): 926-949.
Çoban, B., Balkıs, N., Aksu, A. (2009) Heavy metal levels in sea water and sediments of Zonguldak, Turkey. J Black Sea/Medit Environ 15: 23-32.
Dursun, F., Ünlü, S., Yurdun, T. (2018) Determination of domoic acid in plankton net samples from Golden Horn Estuary, Turkey, Using HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. B Environ Contam Tox 100: 457-462.
US EPA. (2016) Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4-Final. Fed Regist 81:(222): 81099-81114.
Frena, M., Santos, A.P.S., Santos, E., Silva, R.P., Souza, M.R.R., Madureira, L. A.S., Alexandre, M.R. (2016) Distribution and sources of sterol biomarkers in sediments collected from a tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(22): 23291-23299.
Gomes, R.L., Avcioglu, E., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. (2004) Steroid-estrogen determination in sediment and sewage sludge: A critique of sample preparation and chromatographic/mass spectrometry considerations, incorporating a case study in method development. Trac-Trend Anal Chem 23(10-11): 737-744.
Gomes, H.G., Kawakami, S.K., Taniguchi, S., Souza Filho, P.W., Montone, R. C. (2015) Investigation of sewage contamination using steroid indexes in sediments of the Guajará Estuary (Amazon coast, Brazil). Braz J Oceanogr 63(4): 501-510.
González-Oreja, J.A., Saiz-Salinas, J.I. (1998) Short-term spatio-temporal changes in urban pollution by means of faecal sterols analysis. Mar Pollut Bull 36(11): 868-875.
Jackson, L.M., Felgenhauer, B.E., Klerks, P.L. (2019) Feminization, altered gonada development, and liver damage in least killifish (Heterandria formosa) exposed to sublethal concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol. Ecotox Environ Safe 170: 331-337.
Jauković, Z.D., Grujić, S.D., Matić Bujagić, I.V., Laušević, M.D. (2017) Determination of sterols and steroid hormones in surface water and wastewater using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Microcheml J 135: 39-47.
Jenkins, R.L., Wilson, E.M., Angus, R.A., Howell, W.M., Kirk, M. (2003) Androstenedione and Progesterone in the sediment of a River Receiving Paper Mill Effluent. Toxicol Scis 73(1): 53-59.
Kalaycı, G., Belivermiş, M., Sezer, N., Swarzenski, P., Kılıç, Ö. (2021) Settling particles in the Golden Horn estuary, Sea of Marmara: Concentrations and fluxes of trace elements and radionuclides. Reg Stud Mar Sci 4: 101882.
Kenny, D.J., Plichta, D.R., Shungin, D., Koppel, N., Hall, A.B., Fu, B., Vasan, R.S., Shaw, S.Y., Vlamakis, H., Balskus, E.P., Xavier, R.J. (2020) Cholesterol metabolism by uncultured human gut bacteria influences host cholesterol level. Cell Host Microbe 28: 1-13.
Korkmaz N.E., Caglar (Balkis) N., Aksu A., Unsal T. (2020) Effect of seasonal changes on steroid hormones concentrations in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Int J Environ Geoinf 7(2): 157-164.
Kucuk, Y.K., Topcu, A. (2017) Ecological risk assesment and seasonal-spatial distribution of trace elements in the surface sediment of Trabzon Harbour, Turkey. Open J Ecol 7: 348-363.
Kutlu, B., Özcan, T., Özcan, G. (2021) Analysis of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Oceanol Hydrobiol Stud 50(4): 411-420.
LeBlanc, L.A., Latimer, J.S., Ellis, J.T., Quinn, J.G. (1992) The geochemistry of coprostanol in waters and surface sediments from Narragansett Bay. Estuary, Coast and Shelf Sci 34(5): 439-458.
Leeming, R., Latham, V., Rayner, M., Nichols, P. (1997) Detecting and distinguishing sources of sewage pollution in Australian inland and coastal waters and sediments. In: Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, (ed., Eganhouse R.), ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., pp. 306-319.
Lijklema, L., Koelmans, A.A., Portielje, R. (1993) Water quality impacts of sediment pollution and the role of early diagenesis. Water Sci Technol 28(8-9):1-12.
Lyons, B.P., Devlin, M.J., Abdul Hamid, S.A., Al-Otiabi, A.F., Al-Enezi, M., Massoud, M.S., Al-Sarawi, H.A. (2015) Microbial water quality and sedimentary faecal sterols as markers of sewage contamination in Kuwait. Mar Pollut Bull 100(2): 689-698.
Machado, K.S., Froehner, S., Sánez, J., Figueira, R.C.L., Ferreira, P.A.L. (2014) Assessment of historical fecal contamination in Curitiba, Brazil, in the last 400 years using fecal sterols. Sci Total Environ 493: 1065-1072.
Martins, C. de C., Fillmann, G., Montone, R.C. (2007) Natural and anthropogenic sterols inputs in surface sediments of Patos Lagoon, Brazil. J Brazil Chem Soc 18(1): 106-115.
Matić, I., Grujić, S., Jauković, Z., Laušević, M. (2014) Trace analysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1364: 117-127.
Matić Bujagić, I., Grujić, S., Jauković, Z., Laušević, M. (2016) Sterol ratios as a tool for sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in Serbia. Environ Pollut 213: 76-83.
Mulabagal, V., Wilson, C., Hayworth, J.S. (2017) An ultrahigh-performance chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry quantitative method for trace analysis of potential endocrine disrupting steroid hormones in estuarine sediments. Rapid Commun Mass Spec 31(5): 419-429.
Okay, O.S., Pekey, H., Morkoc, E., Basak S., Baykal B. (2008). Metals in the surface sediments of Istanbul Strait (Turkey). J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 43(14): 1725-34.
Owen, R.W., Tenneson, M.E., Bilton, R.F., Mason, A.N. (1978) The degradation of Cholesterol by Escherichia coli isolated from human faeces. Biochem Soc Trans 6(2): 377-379.
Ozseker, K. (2021) Toxic metal pollution and ecological risk estimation in the sediment around Hopa Harbor, Turkey (SE). Soil Air Water 49: 2000269.
Praveena, S.M., Hamin, N., Razak, S.Q.N.A., Aris, A.Z. (2016) Analysis of steroid estrogens in river sediment by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ıonization-mass spectrometry. Iran J Sci Technol A 42(2): 525-532.
Pusceddu, F.H., Sugauara, L.E., de Marchi, M.R., Choueri, R.B., Castro, İ.B. (2019) Estrogen levels in surface sediments from a multi-impacted Brazilian estuarine system. Mar Pollut Bull 142: 576-580.
Readman, J.W., Fillmann, G., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., Mee, L.D. (2005) The use of steroid markers to assess sewage contamination of the Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 50(3): 310-318.
Sangster, J.L., Oke, H., Zhang, Y., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L. (2015) The effect of particle size on sorption of estrogens, androgens and progestagens in aquatic sediment. J Hazard Mater 299: 112-121.
Santos, E.S., Carreira, R. da S., Knoppers, B.A. (2008) Sedimentary sterols as indicators of environmental conditions in Southeastern Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Braz J Oceanogr 56(2): 97-113.
Sojinu, S.O., Sonibare, O.O., Ekundayo, O., Zeng, E.Y. (2012) Assessing anthropogenic contamination in surface sediments of Niger Delta, Nigeria with fecal sterols and n-alkanes as indicators. Sci Total Environ 441: 89-96.
Streck, G. (2009) Chemical and biological analysis of estrogenic, progestagenic and androgenic steroids in the environment. Trac-Trend Anal Chem 28(6): 635-652.
Tolosa, I., Mesa, M., Alonso-Hernandez, C.M. (2014) Steroid markers to assess sewage and other sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Mar Pollut Bull 86(1-2): 84-90.
Unlu, S., Alpar, B. (2017) An Evaluation of Vanadium Enrichment in the Eastern Shelf Sediments of the Turkish Black Sea. IJEGEO 4(2): 128-138.
Venturini, N., Bícego, M.C., Taniguchi, S., Sasaki, S.T., García-Rodríguez, F., Brugnoli, E., Muniz, P. (2015) A multi-molecular marker assessment of organic pollution in shore sediments from the Río de la Plata Estuary, SW Atlantic. Mar Pollut Bull 91(2): 461-475.
Wangmo, C., Jarque, S., Hilscherová, K., Bláha, L., Bittner, M. (2018) In vitro assessment of sex steroids and related compounds in water and sediments – a critical review. Environ Sci: Proc Imp 20(2): 270-287.
Ying, G.-G., Kookana, R.S., Ru, Y.-J. (2002) Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment. Environ Int 28(6): 545-551.
Zhang, Z., Ren, N., Kannan, K., Nan, J., Liu, L., Ma, W., Li, Y. (2014) Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting phenols and estrogens in water and sediment of the Songhua River, Northeastern China. Arch Environ Con Tox 66(3): 361-369.