EFFECT OF CHEMICAL INPUT ON THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ABUNDANCE OF TINTINNID CILIATES IN LEBANESE COASTAL WATERS (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN)
09/07/2018Effect of chemical input on the temporal and spatial abundance of tintinnid ciliates in Lebanese coastal waters (Eastern Mediterranean)
Marie Abboud Abi Saab, Milad Fakhri, Marie-Thérèse Kassab
National Council for Scientific Research , National Center for Marines Sciences, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, LEBANON
Abstract
The tintinnid ciliates community was monitored monthly over two years, from July 2001 to June 2003 at four stations in order to study the temporal and spatial patterns and the response of tintinnid species composition, abundance variation and seasonal succession to environmental variation in a chemical discharge zone in North Lebanon (Eastern Mediterranean). Diversity was estimated as the number of species and the Shannon Index. Tintinnid abundance showed regular marked seasonal changes with bimodal cycle in the stations not affected by the pollution discharge while the other stations showed differences in the timing of maximum abundance depending on the year. Density of tintinnids ranged between 1 and 231 ind. L−1 and the annual mean between 24 ± 27 and 37 ± 59 ind. L−1. The highest cell concentrations were observed in November and May of both years of the study in stations not directly affected by discharge and the minimal values were noted in February 2002 for all stations. The number of tintinnid species in samples ranged from 2 to 19 ind.L−1. Shannon Diversity index was between 0.67 and 3.26 bit. Spatially, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among stations (in some seasons) for all the considered environmental variables except temperature, but no difference (P > 0.05) was observed among stations in the tintinnid abundance, number of species and diversity indices. The intermittent discharge of effluent and the deteriorated average conditions observed near the shoreline created a clear difference in a qualitative aspect, seasonal succession of populations and the most abundant species. Density and diversity of species were not related to any of environmental parameters (P > 0.01).
Keywords: Tintinnid ciliates, chemical input, Lebanon, coastal waters, Eastern Mediterranean.
References
Abboud-Abi Saab, M. (1989) Distribution and ecology of the Tintinnids in the plankton of Lebanese coastal water (Eastern Mediterranean). J. Plankton Res. 11 (2): 203-222.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M. (1996) Influence des fleuves sur la dynamique des populations planctoniques (production primaire). Cas typique de la côte centrale du Liban. Rapports finaux des projets de recherches sur les effets (Domaine de Recherche III). Effets de la pollution sur les communautés marines. MAP Technical Series No. 97, UNEP, Athens. pp. 51-65.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M. (2002) Annual cycle of the microzooplankton communities in the waters surrounding the Palm Island Nature Reserve (north Lebanon), with special attention to tintinnids. Medit. Mar. Sci. 3 (2): 55-76.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Atallah, A. (1996) Impact de plusieurs sources de pollution sur les populations microplanctoniques des eaux côtières de Batroun. Leb. Sci. Res. Rep. 1: 51-61.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Dargham, L. (1998) Influence des vents sur la dispersion des rejets chimiques de l’usine de Ras-Koubba par l’étude des paramètres hydrologiques et des populations planctoniques en milieu marin. Ann. Rech. Scient. 1: 177-185.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Fakhri, M., Sadek, E., Matar, N. (2008) An estimate of the environmental status of Lebanese littoral waters using nutrients and chlorophyll-a as indicators. Leb. Sci. J. 9 (1): 43-60.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Kassab, M.-T. (1990) Evolution mensuelle des Tintinnids (Tintinnina) de 1986 à 1988 en deux stations de la Baie de Jounieh (Liban). Rapp. Comm. İnt. Mer Médit. 32 (1), p 218.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Romano, J.-C., Fakhri, M. (2006) Influence des Apports Fluviaux et Industriels sur les Populations Phytoplanctoniques dans la Région de Selaata (Mer Levantine). WATMED 3, 1-3 Novembre 2006.
Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Slim, K., Andary, R. (2002) Contribution à l’étude physico-chimique et biologique du fleuve Nahr El Jawz et son apport nutritif au milieu marin. Hanoun. 25: 105-128.
Alder, V.A. (1999) Tintinnoinea,. In: South Atlantic Zooplankton (ed., D. Boltovskoy), Leiden, Backhuys Publishers, Vol. 1, p. 321-384
Al-Hajj, Z., Muscat, C. (2000) From Europe to the Mediterranean. A Greenpeace report focusing on pollution by the fertilizer industry and the shift of such dirty technologies.from Europe to developing countries in the Mediterranean. Greenpeace Report, p. 31.
Bandschneider, K., Robinson, R.J. (1952) A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite in sea water. J. Mar. Res. 11: 87-96.
Barria De Cao, M.S., Pettigrosso, R., Parodi, E., Freije R. (2003) Abundance and species composition of planktonic Ciliophora from the wastewater discharge zone in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. Iheringia, Sér. Zool. 93 (3): 229-236.
Bernard, C., Rassoulzadegan, F. (1993) The role of picoplancton (cyanobacteria and plastidic picoflagellates) in the diet of tintinnids. J. Plank. Res. 15: 361-373.
Bizsel, N., Uslu, O. (2000) Phosphate, nitrogen and iron enrichment in the polluted Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Mar. Envir. Res. 49: 101-122.
Bojanic, N. (2007) Seasonal variability in abundance and biomass of tintinnids in the Kaštela Bay (Middle Adriatic Sea). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit. 38: 438.
Bojanic, N., Šolic, M., Krstulovic, N., Šestanovic, S., Marasovic, I., Nincevic, Ž. (2005) Temporal variability in abundance and biomass of ciliates and copepods in the eutrophicated part of Kaštela Bay (middle Adriatic Sea). Helgol. Mar. Res. 59: 107-120.
Bojanic, N., Šolic,M. Krstulovic, N., Šestanovic, S., Gladan, N.Ž., Marasovic, I., Brautovic, I. (2006a). The role of ciliates within microbial food web in the eutrophicated part of Kaštela Bay (Middle Adriatic Sea). Sci. Mar. 70 (3): 431- 442.
Bojanic, N., Vidjak, O., Brautovic, I. (2006b) Spatial and temporal variability in abundance and biomass of oligotrich ciliates in Kaštela Bay (Middle Adriatic Sea). Acta Adriatica, 47 (2): 93-109.
Capriulo, G.M., Carpenter, E.J. (1983) Abundance, species composition, and feeding impact of tintinnid microzooplankton in central Long Island Sound. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10: 277-288.
Capriulo, G.M., Sherr, E.B., Sherr, B.F. (1991) Trophic behaviour and related community feeding activities of heterotrophic marine protests. In: Protozoa and their Role in Marine Processes (eds., P.C. Reid, C.M. Turley, P.H. Burkill), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 219-279.
Capriulo, G.M., Taveras J., Gold, K. (1986) Ciliate feeding: Effect of food presence or absence on occurrence of striae in tintinnids. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 30: 145-158.
Daly Yahia, M. N., Daly Yahia-Kefl, O., Souissi, S., Maamouri, F., Aissa, P. (2005) Associations Tintinnides (Ciliophora, Tintinnina)-Dinoflagellés (Dinophyceae) autotrophes potentiellement nuisibles au niveau de la Baie de Tunis et de deux lagunes associées: Ghar El Melh et Tunis Sud (Méditerranée Sud Occidentale). La mer, 43: 19-32.
Dolan, J.R., Claustre, H., Carlotti, F. Plounevez, S., Moutin, T. (2002) Microzooplankton diversity: relationships of tintinnid ciliates with resources, competitors and predators from the Atlantic Coast of Morocco to the Eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res. 49: 1217-1232.
Dolan, J.R., Coats, D.W. (1990) Seasonal abundances of planktonic ciliates and microflagellates in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 31: 157-175.
Elliott, D.T., Kaufmann, R.S. (2007) Spatial and temporal variability of mesozooplankton and tintinnid ciliates in a seasonally hypersaline estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 30 (3): 418-430.
Fakhri, M. Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Romano, J.-C. (2006) Effet du Vent sur la Dispersion des Masses d’Eaux de la Rivière Al-Jaouz (Méditerranée Orientale) : Stratégie de la Drogue Dérivante. WATMED 3, 1-3 Novembre 2006.
Fakhri, M., Abboud-Abi Saab, M., Romano, J.-C. (2008) The use of sediments to assess the impact of Selaata phosphate plant on Batroun coastal area (Lebanon, Levantine basin). Leb. Sci. J. 9 (1): 29-42.
Fakhri, M., Romano, J.-C., Abboud-Abi Saab, M. (2005) Impact of natural and artificial chemical inputs on the marine ecosystem of Batroun region (North Lebanon). Leb. Sci. J. 6 (1): 13-27.
Gismervik, I., Olsen Y., Vadstein, O. (2002) Micro- and mesozooplankton response to enhanced nutrient input- a mesocosm study. Hydrobiologia 484: 75- 87.
Grasshoff, F.K. (1961) Zur Bestimmung von Nitrat in Meer – und Trinkwasser Kieler Meeresforsch, 20: 5-10.
Heinbokel, J. F. (1987). Studies on the role of tintinnids in the California Bight. II. Grazing rates of field populations. Mar. Biol. 47 (2): 191-197.
Hussein, N. R. (2008) Phytoplankton community structure and diversity index in Mediterranean sea lagoon: lake manzalah, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 34 (1): 69-85.
Jaccard, P. (1902). Lois de distribution florale dans la zone alpine. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 38: 69-130.
Kamiyama, T., Arima, S., Tsujino, M. (2003) Characteristics of the distribution of bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates in Hiroshima Bay in summer. Fish. Sci. 69: 755-766.
Kopylov, A.I., Tumantserva, N.I. (1987) Analysis of the contents of tintinnid food vacuoles and evaluation of their contribution to the consumption of phytoplankton production off the Peru coast. Okeanologiya 27: 343-347.
Koray, T. (1990) Planktonic protista associated with “color-tides” in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea). Rapp. Comm. İnt. Mer Médit. 32 (1): 212.
Laval-Peuto, M., Heinbokel, J.F., Anderson, O.R., Rassoulzadegan, F., Sherr, B.F. (1986) Role of micro-and nanozooplankton in marine food webs. Insect. Sci. Applic. 7: 387-395.
Lorenzen, C.-J. (1967) Determination of chlorophyll and pheophytin: spectrophotometric equations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 343-346.
Mikhail, S., Aboul Ezz, S., Okbah, M. (2008) Blooms of toxic microalgae and co-occurring ciliates, heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates in the Eastern Harbor, Alexandria Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Resear. 34 (2): 96-113.
Modigh, M., Castaldo, S., Saggiomo, M., Santarpia I. (2003) Distribution of tintinnid species from 42◦ N to 43◦ S through the Indian Ocean. Hydrobiologia 503: 251-262.
MoE/LEDO/ECODIT (2001) Lebanon state of the environment report. Prepared by ECODIT, 246pp + Appendixes.
Murphy, J., Riley, J.P. (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 27: 31-36.
Park, G.S., Marshall, H.G. (2000) Estuarine relationships between zooplankton community structure and trophic gradients. J. Plankton Res. 22: 121-135.
Paulmier, G. (1997) Tintinnides (Ciliophora, Oligotrichida, Tintinnina) de l’Atlantique boréal, de l’Océan indien et de quelques mers adjacentes: Méditerranée, Mer Caraïbe, Mer Rouge. Inventaire et distribution. Observations basées sur les loricas. IFREMER; DRV/RH/RST/ 97-17, p. 126.
Pierce, R., Turner, J. (1994) Plankton studies in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA. IV. Tintinnids, 1987 to 1988. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112: 235-240.
Pitta, P., Giannoulaki, M. (2000) Planktonic ciliates in the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean: vertical, spatial distribution and mixotrophy. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 194: 269-282.
Rassoulzadegan, F. (1979) Evolution annuelle des ciliés pélagiques en Méditerranée nord occidentale. II. Ciliés oligotriches. Tintinnides (Tintinnina). Inv. Pesq. 43 (2): 417-448.
Schiewer, U. (1998) 30 years’ eutrophication in shallow brackish waterslessons to be learned. Hydrobiologia 363: 73-79.
Shams-El-Din, N.G., Dorgham, M.M. (2007) Phytoplankton community in AbuQir Bay as a hot spot on the southeastern Mediterranean coast. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 33 (1): 163-182.
Sitran, R., Bergamasco, A., Decembrini, F., Guglielmo L. (2007) Temporal succession of tintinnids in the northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean. J. Plankton Res. 29 (6): 495-508.
Stelfox-Widdicombe, C.E., Archer, S.D., Burkill, P.H., Stefels, J. (2004) Microzooplankton grazing in Phaeocystis and diatom dominated waters in the southern North Sea in spring. J. Sea Res. 51: 37-51.
Stoecker, D.K. (1984) Particle production by planctonic ciliates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 930-940.
Stoecker, D.K., Guillard, R.R.L. (1982) Effects of temperature and light on the feeding rate of Favella sp. (Ciliated Protozoa, Suborder Tintinnina). Ann. Inst. Océanogr. Paris 58: 309-318.
Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T.R. (1968) A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 167: 311.
Travers, A., Travers, M. (1971) Catalogue des tintinnides (Ciliés Oligotriches) récoltés dans le golfe de Marseille de 1962 à 1964. Téthys, 2 (3): 639-646.
UNEP (1970). Liban, étude des eaux souterraines. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement. New York, DS/SF/UN/44- Lebanon, pp. 185.
Utermöhl, H. (1958) Zur vervollkommung der quantitativen phytoplankton Methodik. Mitt. Int. Ver. Limnol. 9: 1-38.
Üktem, N., Sesen, H. (1985) Les effets de la pollution du golfe d’Izmir sur les tintinnides (Ciliata). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit. 29 (9): 175-177.
Verity, P.G. (1985) Growth rates of natural tintinnid populations in Narragansett Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29: 117-126.
Verity, P.G., Villareal, T.A. (1986) The relative food value of diatoms, dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria for tintinnid ciliates. Arch. Protistenk. 131: 71-84.
Vidjak, O., Bojanic, N. Kušpilic, G. Marasovic, I. Nin Čevicz. G., Brautovic, I. (2006) Annual variability and trophic relations of the mesozooplankton community in the eutrophicated coastal area (Vranjic Basin, eastern Adriatic Sea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 86: 19-26.
Vitiello, P. (1964) Contribution à l’étude des tintinnides de la baie d’Alger. Pelagos 2 (2): 5-18.