THE SUGGESTION OF INTEGRATED TROUT-CRAYFISH CULTURE IN TURKEY
09/07/2018The suggestion of integrated trout-crayfish culture in Turkey
Gürel Türkmen, Onur Karadal
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY
Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been cultured in Turkey since 1969 and Turkey has become one of the top trout producing countries in Europe with an annual production of 85,000 tons (inland+sea) amounting to 51% of the Turkish aquaculture production. Astacus leptodactylus, the narrow-clawed crayfish (popular name “Turkish crayfish”), is the native freshwater crayfish species in Turkey. Due to overfishing, pollution and the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci), the total annual production of crayfish dramatically reduced from 8,000 to 320 tons between 1985 and 1991. However, in recent years (1996-2004), there has been a gradual increase of production. Aquaculture is important not only for food supply but also for purposes of restocking (including endangered species) and recreational fisheries. This study describes a suggestion which can reduce the nutrient outflow from trout farms. The basic construct is an aquatic ecosystem consisting of one or several water bodies comprising an integrated food web. Horizontal integration of trout and crayfish aquaculture represents a technically viable opportunity for aquaculture producers to reduce environmental impacts and enhancing production efficiency. The study outlines the basic principles in this integrated system.
Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Astacus leptodactylus, integrated aquaculture
References
Anonymous (2002) Preparation of Action Plan for Sustainable Use of Yuvarlakçay (Köyceğiz-Dalyan) Project. Ege University, Fisheries Faculty. Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas, EPASA. Final Report, 181p.
Avery, J.A., Romaire, R.P., McClain, W.R. (1998) Crawfish Production Economics, Pond Construction and Water Supply. SRAC Publications, No. 240, p. 4.
Bulut, C., Akçimen, U., Uysal, K., Küçükkara, R., Savaşer, S. (2010) The effect of trout aquaculture facilities on water quality of Kanlıçay stream (Çameli/Denizli). European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC). Symposium on Interactions between Social, Economic and Ecological Objectives of Inland Commercial and Recreational Fisheries and Aquaculture. Antalya, Turkey, 21-24 May 2008. EIFAC Occasional Paper No.44: 260. FAO.
Bunting, S.W. (2001) Appropriation of environmental goods and services by aquaculture: a reassessment employing the ecological footprint methodology and implications for horizontal integration. Aquaculture Research 32: 605-609.
Bunting, S.W. (2008) Horizontally integrated aquaculture development: Exploring consensus on constraints and opportunities with a stakeholder Delphi. Aquaculture International 16: 153-169.
Degerman, E., Nilson, P.A., Nyström, P., Nilson, E., Olsson, K. (2006) Are fish populations in temperate streams affected by crayfish? – A field survey and prospects. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78: 231-239.
Diler, O., Bolat, Y., Kuşat, M. (1999) An epidemiological study on the fungal disease of Astacus leptodactylus salinus Nordmann, 1842 in Eğirdir Lake. S.D.U. Journal of Egirdir Fisheries Faculty 6: 1-17.
FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, FAO, Rome, p. 41.
FAO (1997) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, FAO, Rome, p. 40.
FAO (2008) Fishery Country Profile. The Republic of Turkey. FID/CP/TUR., March 2008. p. 14.
Harlıoğlu, M.M. (1996) Comparatively biology of the signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), and the narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Nottingham, p. 435.
Harlıoğlu, M.M. (2004) The present situation of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Turkey. Aquaculture 230: 181-187.
Harlıoğlu, M.M. (2008) The harvest of the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz in Turkey: harvest history, impact of crayfish plague, and present distribution of harvested population. Aquaculture International 16: 351-360.
Harlıoğlu, M.M., Yonar, S.M. (2007) Possible results of non-native crayfish species introduction into Turkey. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 24 (1-2): 213-218 (in Turkish).
Huner, J.V. (1990) Biology, fisheries and cultivation of freshwater crawfish in the U.S. Aquatic Sciences 2 (2): 229-254.
Huner, J.V., Holdich, D.M., Westman, K. (1992) Crayfish management strategies and management methods in Europe: a summary. Finnish Fisheries Research 14: 157-159.
Kılıç, H. (1999) Site selection. The case of Turkey. Aquaculture planning in Mediterranean countries. CIHEM-IAMZ. Chiers Options Mediterranean 43: 25- 33.
Kılıç, H., Kurum, V., Türkyılmaz, T. (2010) Inland Fisheries of Turkey. In: European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), Symposium on Interactions between Social, Economic and Ecological Objectives of Inland Commercial and Recreational Fisheries and Aquaculture. Antalya, Turkey, 21– 24 May 2008, EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 44: 250, FAO.
Köksal, G. (1988) Astacus leptodactylus in Europe. In: Freshwater Crayfish: Biology, Management and Explaitation, (eds., D.M. Holdich, R. Lowery), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 365-400.
Laurent, P.J., Nicolas, J., Paris, L. (1993) Five years of action in Lorraine and Morvan (France) to restore the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus. Freshwater Crayfish 9: 380-389.
Lee, D.O’C., Wickins, J.F. (1992) Crustacean Farming. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London, pp. 392.
Lemarie, G., Martin, J.L.M., Dutto, G., Garidou, C. (1998) Nitrogenous and phosphorous waste production in a flow-through land-based farm of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquat. Living Resource 11 (4): 247-254.
Neori, A., Chopin, T., Troell, M., Buschmann, A.H., Kraemer, G.P., Holling, C., Shpigel, M., Yarish, C. (2004) Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture 231: 361-391.
Reynolds, J.D. (1989) Phenotypic variability in crayfish and its implications for aquaculture. In: Phenotypic Responses and Individuality in Aquatic Ectotherms. (ed., J.C. Aldrich), Ashford, Ireland: JAPAGA, pp. 197-201.
Rogers, W.D., Holdich, D.M. (1997) New legislation to conserve the native crayfish in Britain – will it work? Freshwater Crayfish 11: 619-626.
Rubin, J.F., Svensson, M. (1993) Predation by the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus (L.), on emerging fry of sea trout, Salmo trutta (L.). Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research 68: 100-104.
Rudnick, D., Resh, V. (2005) Stable isotopes, mesocosms and gut content analysis demonstrate trophic differences in two invasive decapod Crustacea. Freshwater Biology 50: 1323-1336.
Rundquist, J., Gall, G., Goldman, C.R. (1977) Watercress-crayfish polyculture as an economic means of stripping nutrients from enriched waters. Freshwater Crayfish 3: 141-159.
Seawright, D.E., Stickney, R.R., Walker, R.B. (1998) Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculted-hydroponics systems. Aquaculture 160: 215-237.
Sindilariu, P.D., Reiter, R., Wedekind, H. (2010) Effluent treatment concepts for trout aquaculture in dependence on production intensity. In: European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), Symposium on Interactions between Social, Economic and Ecological Objectives of Inland Commercial and Recreational Fisheries and Aquaculture, Antalya, Turkey, 21–24 May 2008. EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 44: 6-20, FAO.
Skurdal, J., Taugbol, T. (2001) Crayfish of commercial importance-astacus. In: (ed., D.M. Holdich), Biology of Freshwater Crayfish: Part 2, Crayfish of Commercial Importance, Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 467-510.
Stenroth, P., Nyström, P. (2003) Exotic crayfish in a brown water stream: effects on juvenile trout, invertebrates and algae. Freshwater Biology 48: 466- 475.
TurkStat (1990-2010) Turkish Statistical Institute. Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey Turkish Statistical Institute. Ankara, Turkey. Von Lukowicz, M. (1999) Freshwater crayfish in the fishery legislation of the Federal States (Bundeslander) of Germany. Freshwater Crayfish 12: 890-898.
Warren-Hansen, I. (2001) Freshwater Farming in Ireland. Department of the Marine and Natural Resources. Ireland, p. 83.
Westman, K., Savolainen, R., Julkunen, M. (2002) Replacement of the native crayfish Astacus astacus by the introduced species Pacifastacus leniusculus in a small, enclosed Finnish lake: a 30-year study. Ecography 25 (1): 53-73.