ATLANTIC WATER IN THE LEVANTINE SEA

Atlantic water in the Levantine Sea

Hüseyin Yüce

Seyir Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi Başkanlığı, 81647, Çubuklu, İstanbul, TURKEY

Abstract

Atlantic water (AW) in the Levantine Sea was investigated based upon Nansen cast data collected from cruises conducted in the region. AW is observed distinctly in the Levantine Sea in summer. Due to the oceanographic and meteorological factors destruction and dissapearance of AW were observed especially in the eastern part of Levantine Sea in winter. Distribution of the AW supports recent hypothesis of general circulation patterns proposed by Özsoy et al. (1989).

Keywords: Atlantic water, Mediterranean Sea, water masses, Levantine Sea, circulation

References

Armanda, Z.M. (1969) Water Exchange between Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean. Deep Sea Research 16: 171- 178.

Becker, G.A. (1978) Der oberflac hensalzgehalt des Europaischen Mittelmeeres. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitscrift 31: H. S: 190-94.

Becker, G.A. (1980) Die temperature and der oberflache, des Europaischen Mitterlmeeres. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitscrift 33: H. 6: 255 – 270.

Bruce, J.G., Charncock, H. (1965) Studies in winter Sinking of Cold Water in the Aegean Sea, Rapp. Comn. Int. Medit., 18: 773- 778.

Burman, I., Oren, O.H. (1970) Water Outflow Close to Botton from the Aegean, Chaiers Oceanographiques 22: 775- 780.

El-Gindy, A.H., Sharaf El-Din, S.H. (1985) Water Masses and Circulation patterns in the deep layer of the Eastern Mediterranean, Oceanologica Acta 9: 239-248.

Georgopomlos, D., Theocharis, A., Zodiatis, G. (1989) Intermediate Water Formation in the Cretan Sea (South Aegean Sea), Oceanologica Acta 12: 353 – 359.

Gertman, I.F., Ovchinnikov, I.M., Popov, Y.U.I. (1994) Deep Convection in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea, Oceanology 34: 19-25

Hopkins, T.S., (1978) Physical Processes in the Mediterranean Basin Estvarin Transport Processes, Ed.Björn Kjefue, Uni.South Cal.Press., pp. 260-310

Lacombe, H., Tachernia, P., Benoist, G. (1958) Contribition L’etude Hyrdologique de la Mer Egee Periode d’ete. Bull.inf.COEC, 8: 455-368

Lacombe, H., Tachernia, P., (1960) Quelques Traits Generaux de L’Hydrologie Mediterranee, Chaiers Oceanographiques 12: 527 – 547

Miller, A.R., (1963) Physical Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea, A Dissourse comn.Int.Expl.Sci.Mer.Medit., 17: 857-871

Miller, A.R., (1972) Speculations concerning Bottom circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, The Mediterranean Sea in the Mediterranean Sea, D.J. Stanley (Ed) Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudburg, P.A., 37-42

Miller, A.R., (1974) Convection in the Aegean Sea, La Formation des eaux Oceaniques, Profoundes, Paris, 215, Cilly Int. CNRS (4-7 Oct. 1972): 155-163

Marcos, S.A., (1972) Sources of Mediterranean Intermediate Water in the Levantine Sea, A.L. Gordon (Ed), Studies in Physical Oceanography Gordon and Breach, New York, 185-206

Moskalenko, L.V., Ovchinnikov, I.M., (1965) The water masses of the Mediterranean Sea, Basic Features of the Geological Structure of the Hydrologic Regime and Biology the Mediterranean Sea, L.M. Fomin, M. Nauka, (Ed), Moscow, 119-131

Nielsen, N.J., (1912) Hydrography of the Mediterranean and Adjacent Waters, Rap. Oceanor. Expedit. Medit.,I, pp. 77-192

Ovchinnikov, I.M., Plakin, YE.A., (1965) Formation of Mediterranean Deep Water Masses, Oceanology 5 No.4.

Ovchinnikov, I.M., Fedoseyev, A.F. (1965) The Horziontal Circulation of the Water in the Mediterranean Sea During the Summer and Winter Seasons, in Basic Features of the Geological Structure, the hydrologic Regime and Biology of the Mediterranean Sea, L.M.Fomin L. (Ed), Translation of the Institute for modern Languages of the US Navy Oceanographic Office.

Ovchinnikov, I.M., (1966) Circulation in the surface and Intermediate layers of the Mediterranean, Oceanology 6: 48-497

Ovchinnikov, I.M., (1984) The Formation of Intermediate Water in the Mediterranean, Oceanology 24: 168-173

Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Ünlüata, Ü., (1981) On the Formation of Levantine Intermediate water, Rapp.Comm.Int.Medit., 27: 7

Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., Ünlüata, Ü., (1989) Circulation and Hydrography of the Levantine Basic, Results of POEM Coordinated Experiments 1985-1986, Prog. Oceanog., 22: 125-170.

Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., Ünlüata, Ü., Brenner, S., Oğuz, T., Bishap, J., Latif, M.A. and Rosentrub, Z., (1990) A review of the Levantine circulation and its Variability During 1985-1988 Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans.

Plakhin, YE.A., (1972) Vertical winter circulation in the Mediterranean Oceanology 12 (3): 344-350.

Robinson, A.R., Colnaraghl, M., Leslie, W.G., Artegianni, A., Hecht, A., Lazzoni, E., Michelato, A., Sansone, E., Theocaris, A. And Ünlüata, Ü., (1991) The eastern Mediterranean General Circulation, Features, Structures and Variability, Dyn.Atmos, 15: 215-240

Sur, H.I., Özsoy, E. And Ünlüata, Ü., (1993) Simultaneous deep and intermediate depth convection in the northern Levantine Sea, Winter 1992. Oceanologica Acta 16 (1); 33-44

Wüst, G., (1961) On the Vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research 77: No.6; 3261-3271

Yüce, H., (1987) Formation and Spreading of Characteristics of the Water masses in the Northeastern Levantine Sea (in Turkish) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Istanbul of Marine Science and Geography 151 p.